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Contents
General information on fish farming species
Introduction
A species for farming
Arctic charr as a farming species
Charr taxonomy
Life cycle
Geographical distribution (S.alpinus)
Spawning
Choice of feed.
Anatomy and physiology
Skin
Supportive system
Muscles
Heart and vascular/vasculatory system
Blood and blood formation (hematopoiesis)
Respiration
Swim bladder/Air bladder
Liquid (water) balance and the release of excreta Osmotic balance/control
Smolting - adjustment to saline water:
Kidneys
The alimentary tract
Energy housekeeping and metabolism
Perception/sensory organs
Sight
Hearing, balance and the sideline
Sense of smell and taste
The reproductive system and gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis
Oogenesis
Fertilization and water hardening
References
Marketing Artic charr
Marketing
The new charr farmer
The production of Arctic charr and present markets
The customers
Marketing options
Construction of a Charr farm
Projecting a fish farm
Location of site
Assessment of water supply and water properties
Groundwater
Surface water
Layout and construction plan of the farm
Conveying the water from the source
Construction of water source intake
Water piping
Fish tanks
General demands for fish tanks
Hydraulic properties
Types of tanks -- form and size
Materials
Inlet construction
Outlet construction
The setup of a thorough use system
Constructing for water quality
System for liming of the water
Ammonia
Methods for oxygen enrichment of water
Aeroation
Oxygenation using liquid oxygen
The cost of pumping water -why avoid pumps
Discharge of wastewater
Composition of wastewater
Environmental load
Treatment of wastewater
Operational permits
Environmental Impact Assessment
References
Daily management
Broodfish and roe
Selection of broodfish
Feeding and treatment of broodfish
Assessment of sex and maturation
Spawning and care of roe
Temperature, roe maturation and degree-day
Part II Small fry
Hatching
Primary feeding
Part III: On-growing of charr
Temperature and growth rate
Feeding and feeding needs/demand
Feed factor and feed use/economy
Weight tests
Current speed
Density and growth
Size grading
Aquisition of fry and (assessment of) fry quality
Fry transport
Preparing fish for delivery
Sending fish to fish pathology labs
Premature sexual maturation
Condition factor
Salinity adjustment/tolerance
Feed and feeding
Fish feed
Feed types
Colorants
Fluctuations in taking of feed
Storage of dry feed
Self-feeding using pendulum feeder, other methods
Growth (growth assessment)
Assessing daily feeding requirements
Forecasting weight increase
Monitoring and recording of information
Determine feed requirements, feed rations and feeding strategies
Charr farming in cages
Wild charr in farming
Part IV.: Appendix
References
Diseases, prevention and treatment
General introduction to fish diseases and fish farming
Fish
Defenses
Stress
Types of diseases
Disease symptoms of charr
Factors used in diagnosis
Environmental diseases
The effect of unfavourable environmental factors
Important environmental factors
Suspended solids
Diseases caused by parasites
Of parasites and their life cycle
Protozoans
Flat worms (Platyhelmintes)
Flukes (Trematoda)
Tapeworms (Cestoda)
Nematodes (Nematoda)
Acanthocephalans
Crustacea
Piscicola
Bacterial diseases
Diseases caused by Vibrio-species
Furunculosis and its variants (Aeromonas salmonicida)
Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri)
Bacterial kidney disease, BKD (Renibacterium salmoninarum)
Carnobacterium (Lactobacillus) piscicola, Lactococcus piscium, Vagococcus salmoninarum
Pseudomonas spp.
Aeromonas hydrophila
Mycobacterium spp.
Piscirickettsia salmonis
Epitheliocystis (Chlamydiales)
Viral diseases
ISA - Infectious salmon anaemia
VEN (Viral erythrocytic necrosis) and EIBS (Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome)
SD - Sleeping disease
PD - Pancreatic disease
Fungal infections
Diseases in roe and fry
Sickness linked to nutrition
Preventive measures
Pathogens, infection routes and preventive measures
Prevent a pathogen from infecting farmed fish
Improving the defense mechanisms of fish
Optimal conditions
Vaccination
Vaccination methods
Important factors when vaccinating
Genetic selection for increased resistance
Chemical and medical treatment
Bathing treatment
Medicine through feed
Medicine by injections
Ban of slaughtering after medication
Health control
Diagnosis and analysis
Regular health inspection and analysis
Disposal of dead fish
EC legislation about fish diseases
Slaughtering of Arctic charr
Slaughtering of charr
Slaughtering facilities
Laws and regulations
Crucial points at the slaughtering station
The slaughtering stations surroundings
Inside the slaughtering station
Selection of fish for slaughtering
Starvation before slaughtering
Slaughtering methods
Fish taken out of the water for slaughtering
Anaesthesia
Packaging
Labeling
Post harvest processing
Disposal of organic waste from slaughtering
Main cost factors
References
Quality and safety management
Quality - what does it mean
Best quality
Factors which influence the quality of arctic charr
Sexual maturation
Environmental factors
Starvation
Handling during slaughtering
On internal controls
Quality Documents
A Quality Management System, HACCP and Environmental Management
To introduce HACCP Quality system on your farm
Preparing the system
Following the seven principals
Appendix 1 A Cleaning Plan
Appendix 2 A Decision Tree
Appendix 3 Suggestions for questions to be considered at the steps in the production process.
References
Planning a Charr farm for profit
Planning a Charr Farm for Profit
The Business Plan
The Summary
The Business Idea and the Company, Owners and Management
The Marketing Plan
Financial Projections
Example: Planning a Fish Farm - a Feasibility Study
Preparatory Investigation: The Water Resource, Land and and Buildings, Market and Prices
The company and the business idea
Feasibility Study of a Simple Flow-through Farm
A Feasibility Study of a Thorough-use System
Putting it all together
Index
ragnar/rakel 25 February, 2004